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Lesson Ten. 1. Genitive. Strong declension. The concept of the genitive case in Nynorn is very much
the same as in English – its main task is to express possession
(somebody’s something). The biggest difference is that in
Nynorn, genitive is placed after the “possessed” word (joga katts),
not before, as in English (cat’s eye). Genitive can also
correspond to English preposition of.
Genitive is used with a small number of prepositions –
til ‘to’, uten ‘out of; without’, mella ‘between’ etc. Exercise 10.1. hatt nm. (s2) – hat krammek nm. (s1) – paw
2. Perfect tense of strong verbs As in English, the perfect tense form consists of two words, the auxiliary verb
hava ’to
have’ plus the perfect (past) participle. Strong verbs form their
perfect participle with the fourth ablaut degree of the root vowel (see
also Lesson 7.3 to refresh our recollection of the first three ablaut
degrees): Exercise 10.2. I
have fallen off a house. They (M and F) have stood close to their
(own) mother. Men have buried dead horses. You have taken my dogs. He
has given me a book. A dog has bitten your (di) sons. She has gripped
your hand. We have got fish.
3. Dependent clause A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a part of a complex sentence that augments an independent (or main) clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. The dependent clause plays a similar function to an object:I know that you are sick. (I know what?) She knows where you are. (She knows what?) I didn’t see whom you were coming with. (I didn’t see whom/what?) The words in bold are called subordinating conjunctions and the underlined phrases are named dependent clauses. The conjunctions act like markers signalling that another clause within a compound sentence is to begin after them. The most universal subordinating conjunction is at, corresponding to English that: Eg vet at du ert sjuk. I know that you are sick. Eg vet at du er her. I know that you are here. As in English, many subordinate conjunctions are similar to corresponding interrogative pronouns. Nevertheless, there are exceptions from that rule in Nynorn. Let’s brush up our knowledge of interrogative pronouns (see Lesson 8, part 3): hvar? – who? which? hvat(na)? – what? hvarna? – where? hvagar?/hvartil? – whereto? hvaðan?/hvarfrå? – wherefrom? ner? – when? hvu? – how hvi? – why? The same words are used as subordinating conjunctions, except ner? when? (see below). Hvat er dað? Eg vet hvat dað er. What is it? I know what it is. Hvar ert du? Eg vet hvar du ert. Who are you? I know who you are. Hvarna er mamma? Eg vet hvarna mamma er. Where is mum? I know where mum is. Hvu sov du? Eg vet hvu du sov. How did you sleep? I know how you slept. The conjunction when differs from its respective interrogative pronoun. In that case, Nynorn uses hjejer, mostly for present and future time. In the context which refers to the past you can either use hjejer or another conjunction då. The latter one is preferable when the interrogative clause is nested into another dependent clause: Ner kemer du? Eg vet hjejer du kemer. When are you coming? I know when you are coming. Ner kom du? Eg vet hjejer du kom. (=Eg vet då du kom). When did you come? I know when you came. Hjejer du kemer, ring til min. When you come, call me up. Då du kom, ringdi du til min. When you came, you called me up. Eg vet at då du kom, var mukkið sent. I know that when you came it was very late. Exercise 10.3. hard adj., neu. hart – hard førøsk nf.s1. – Faroese language islandsk nf.s1. – Icelandic language NB: Adjectives can be transformed into adverbs (which answer the question how?) by changing their gender to neuter.
Reading Johann hever lengi buð i Fugla. Hann sejer at i går hever hann farið til Lervikar. Johann tuk ferju frå Fugla sen kom til Våga. Darefter købdi hann bilett til buss og fur veð honon til Lervikar. Hjejer hann kom til Lervikar, vitsjaði hann fyrst sinar sostren [frender], eð bua dar. Hann kjobdi itse tul og varaparta fyri sin motorbåd. Folk spurdi hann nokron faron um hann ikke var frå Fugla or Vestsidu, di de hørdu at hann talaði dialekt Fugløjar. Hann svaraði at hann sagda var frå Fugla, men ikke Vestsidu. Men hann havdi sostren [frender] i Sandnesi. Um aftan fur hann atter til Våga veð bussi. Hann øvernåttaði hjå sinon skulvini i Skålavågi og nesta mornen fur hann við ferju atter hem til Fugløjar. Nu då hann hever komið hem etlar hann at umbita sin motorbåd. Dað hever verið en mukkið gud tur til Meginlands sen hever tikið honon två daga.lengi adv. – long, for a long time i går adv. – yesterday ferja nf. w1 – ferry våg nm. s1 – a bucht? Vågar nm. pl. – Walls buss nm. s1 – bus sostren nn. s. pl. – relatives frender nm. s2. pl. – relatives dog part. – though dar adv. – there kjoba vw. 1 – to buy itse part. – also, too tul nn. s. – instrument varapart nm. s1 – spare parts men conj. – but motorbåd nm. s1 – motorboat noker pron. – some, several far nn. s – time (as in this time, for the first time, for the second time etc.); nokron faron – several times sagda adv. – certainly tala vw. 2 – to speak aftan nm. s1. – evening atter adv. – back (to) øvernåtta vw. 2 – to stay overnight skulvin nm. s2 – a school friend nesti adj.weak – next morn nm. s1 – morning nesta mornen – next morning ferja nf. w – ferry etla vw. 2 – to intend umbita vw. 1 – to repair tur nm. s1 – a tour, journey Meginland nn. s – Mainland taka honon (dat.) två daga (acc.) – it took him two days Discuss this lesson on the forum
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